Iindlela ngeyona cathedral ibalaseleyo eYurophu

Ukuseka iindlela kwi iiCathedrals ezilungileyo kakhulu eYurophu Kuhlala kunzima kwaye kuxhomekeke. Zininzi kakhulu ezimangalisayo onokuzifumana kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ilizwekazi elidala, ekungekho lula ukukhetha ezimbalwa kuphela.

Ngayiphi na imeko, ezi zakhiwo zimangalisayo ziphendula kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo njenge Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque o iNeoclassical. Ukongezelela, zizele yimbali. Kodwa, ngaphezu kwako konke, bonke bayavumelana ngokusinika a Amava amnandi ukudibanisa ezomoya kunye nobugcisa kuphela. Apha ngezantsi, sikubonisa iindlela zethu ezidlula kwezona cathedrals zibalaseleyo zaseYurophu, sizikhetha kumaxesha ahlukeneyo, iindawo kunye nezimbo.

ICathedral yaseSantiago yaseCompostela

Siqala ukhenketho lwethu kwenye yezona cawa zibalulekileyo zaseSpain. Odumileyo Indlela kaSantiago, olona hambo lwezonqulo lubalulekileyo ehlabathini, njengoko kukholelwa ukuba kuhlala amathambo alo mpostile ethiywe ngaye. Ngaphaya koko, zombini itempile kunye nesixeko esidala saseSantiago ziye zabhengezwa Ilifa lehlabathi.

Yakhiwa phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-9 neye-12 kwaye yeyona nto ibalulekileyo yesikhumbuzo seRomanesque eSpain, nangona ikwabandakanya nezinye izitayile zamva. I-ensemble yayo ekhangayo ibandakanya ethandwayo I-facade ka-Obradoiro, Ehlala izindlu ze I-Portico yozuko del UMfundisi MateoNangona kunjalo, ii-facades ze iingcibi zesilivere zika-Azabhakereya okanye iQuintana. Ngokufanayo, i Iinqaba zaseCarraca kunye neBerenguela (ethiywe ngenye yeentsimbi zayo) gqibezela iseti.

Ngokuphathelele ingaphakathi, eyona nto ithandwayo yinto iBotafumeiro, isiqhumiso esikhulu sobhedu esinobude obuziimitha ezisisi-1,60 nobunzima obuziikhilogram ezingama-62. Kodwa kubaluleke ngakumbi iicawa zetempile. la Mkhulu Idibanisa izinto zokuqala zeRomanesque kunye neRenaissance kunye nezinto zeBaroque, ezifana necanopy yayo entle. Ngaphantsi kwayo kukho ingcwaba likaSt James kunye nabafundi bakhe, uAthanasius noTheodore. Kodwa kuya kufuneka undwendwele ezinye ii-chapels ezintle ngokulinganayo. Phakathi kwabo, omnye kaPilar nendlu yayo enqabileyo, leyo kaKristu kaBurgos o leyo yoMsindisi.

Florence Cathedral

Kwindlela yethu edlula kwezona cathedrals zibalaseleyo zaseYurophu ngoku siyahamba Italia, ngakumbi ngakumbi kwi FlorenciaApho sifumana itempile emangalisayo ye ISanta Maria dei Fiore. Njengakwimeko yangaphambili, kunye neziko lembali lesixeko, sele libhengezwe Ilifa lehlabathi ngu-Unesco.

Kule meko, yakhiwe phakathi kwe-13 kunye ne-15 yenkulungwane, nangona i-façade yahlaziywa ngekhulu le-19. Le yokugqibela ngummangaliso wobugcisa bokwenyani. Isakhiwo sibuyela kwiRenaissance yokuqala, kwaye eyona nto intle kakhulu idome. Yayingumsebenzi we UFilippo Brunelleschi kwaye ifikelela kwi-114 yeemitha ukuphakama. Ububanzi bayo obungaphandle buzimitha ezingama-45,5 kwaye ubunzima bayo buziitoni ezingama-37 zeemetric. Konke oku kuya kukunika umbono wobume bayo obumangalisayo. Ukongeza, i ICampanile okanye intsimbi yenqaba, umsebenzi we IGiotto kunye Indawo yokuBhaptiza yaseSt, kunye neengcango zobhedu ezidumileyo ze Lorenzo Ghiberti.

Ngokubhekiselele ngaphakathi kwetempile, kufuneka ujonge kuyo Iifestile zeglasi ezingama-44 eyenziwe ngababhali abanje UDonatello o Andrea del CastagnoKodwa kuya kufuneka uwuxabise umzobo wale dome ikhankanywe ngasentla kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo emininzi. Phakathi kwazo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo ye-equestrian ye-condottiere Giovanni Acuto kunye UNicolo da Tolentino; isikhumbuzo somngcwabo kabhishophu UAntonio d'Orso; umnqamlezo omkhulu wesikhumbuzo sesibingelelo esikhulu; ikwayala ye Bandinelli okanye iingcango zesacristy, ezenziwe ngu Luca della Robbia.

Chartres, ekufuneka uyibone kulo naluphi na ukhenketho kwezona cathedrals zigqwesileyo zaseYurophu

Isihloko seli candelo kungenxa yokuba Chartres Cathedral omnye weyona mizekelo ibalaseleyo yoyilo lweGothic kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Enyanisweni, yasebenza njengesikhokelo kwabanye abaninzi abakhiwa kamva. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwathatha i-1194 ukuya kwi-1220, nangona i-spire yongezwa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Kwakhona, kunjalo Ilifa lehlabathi.

Iimpawu zayo zangaphandle ziquka imigca yeGothic enesitayile kunye neenqaba ezimbini. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, i IPortico yasebukhosini, eyenza inxenye yefaçade esentshona kwaye igqame ngeemo zayo ezihambelanayo zibalelwa kwimpembelelo yama-Anglo-Norman. Iqukethe amasango amathathu anetympanum, i-lintel, kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yokuhlobisa. Ezi zamva zikumgangatho ophezulu kwaye zijolise kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobuntu be JesucristoKodwa akukho nto imangalisayo Isango elingasentla, igqabhukile kwaye inentaphane yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo.

Ngokubhekiselele ngaphakathi, i-cathedral ineplani yomgangatho onqamlezileyo kwaye inee-nave ezintathu, kunye nengcwele enendawo yokuthwala izigulane. Kodwa ezona mpawu zibalulekileyo nezinomtsalane zi iifestile zayo zeglasi enemibala, odumileyo ehlabathini lonke. Zijongwa njengenye yezona ngqokelela zigcinwe kakuhle zeefestile zeglasi ezinemibala ephakathi. Phakathi kwabo, okuya kubamba iliso lakho ngenxa yokuqina kwechromatic, kugqame into ebizwa ngokuba Ifestile yeBlue Virgin, emele yena noMntwana kwaye isusela kwinkulungwane ye-13.

Icawa enkulu yaseColonia

Kwakhona ukuba Ihlomela-dolophu Imele ibonwe kuyo nayiphi na indlela edlula kwezona cathedrals zibalaseleyo zaseYurophu. Akumangalisi ukuba, lelinye lawona matye ezikhumbuzo atyelelwa kakhulu Alemania kwaye ngokulinganayo Ilifa lehlabathiUkwakhiwa kwayo kwaqala ngenkulungwane ye-13, nangona ingazange igqitywe de kwasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Kwakhona yonakaliswe ngokumanyumnyezi ngokuqhushumba kweziqhushumbisi ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ngoko iye yaphinda yabuyiselwa.

Phendula ku Uhlobo lweGothic kwaye ithatha njengemodeli Amiens Cathedral. Kwi-ensemble ekhangayo, iimbalasane zayo zi iinqaba ezimbini ezibhityileyo, ezifikelela kwi-157 yeemitha ukuphakama. Enyanisweni, yayisesona sakhiwo sikhulu ehlabathini de kwasakhiwa iobelisk ngowe-1884. George Washington kwikomkhulu le EUnited StatesEzinye iimpawu zetempile iintsimbi zayo, phakathi kwayo enye eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Fat Peter's" ivelele. Isizathu soku asinguye omnye ngaphandle kobukhulu bayo obukhulu kunye nobunzima beetoni ezingama-24.

Ngokuphathelele ingaphakathi lecathedral, i-chansel iphawuleka ngakumbi. Ibandakanya ikwayara yangaphakathi kunye negumbi lokuhlala elineecawa ezisixhenxe (phakathi kwezinye, abo bakaEngelbertus, uStefano okanye i-Epiphany), Ukwengeza kwi leyo yoMthendeleko. Yenza eyona ndawo indala yetempile. Ikwanjalo amalungu amabini ifakwe kwinkulungwane yama-20.

I-St. Basil's Cathedral, yahluke kakhulu phakathi kwezona cawa zibalaseleyo zaseYurophu

Kwindlela yethu edlula kwezona cathedrals zibalaseleyo eYurophu ngoku sifika EMoscow ukuthetha nawe malunga leyo yaseSaint Basil. Ifumaneka kwi Isikwere esiBomvu, nayo ihluke kakhulu kwizinto zangaphambili, njengoko iphendula udibaniso lwesitayile saseByzantine kunye nolo phawu lwesithethe saseRashiya sasemantlaKwakhona, iye yabhengezwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezenza iKremlin.

Yakhiwa ngokomyalelo weTsar UIvan IV phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-16 ukuze enze isikhumbuzo sokoyisa kwakhe iKazan. Kukho nentsomi malunga noku. Ithi umlawuli wamfamekisa omnye wabayili bakhe, owayenjalo Postnik Yakovlev (ebizwa ngokuba yiValfolomey) ukumthintela ekuyileni enye, itempile entle ngakumbi.

Ngaphandle, eyona nto imangalisayo yi izindlu I-anyanisi emile kwaye ipeyintwe ngemibala eyahlukeneyo, eyongeziweyo ngenkulungwane ye-17 (ngaphambili yayimhlophe). Ngokuphathelele iindonga, zizitena ezibomvu okanye ukuxelisa ngemihlobiso emhlophe. Ngokuphathelele ngaphakathi, i-cathedral eneneni iqulathe amabandla alishumi, esembindini, ezine zilungelelaniswe ecaleni kweendawo eziphakamileyo, yaye ezinye zilungelelaniswe ngokwediagonal. Eli lungiselelo lintsonkothileyo lifuzisela ingcamango yesigqubuthelo sobuthixo esasasazeka kulo lonke elaseRashiya. Nganye kwezi cawa okanye iicawa zine umhombiso okhethekileyo yenziwe ngemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye neziqwenga eziqingqiweyo zexabiso elikhulu.

I-Notre-Dame yaseParis

Ukhenketho lwethu salugqibezela kwenye yeecathedrals edume kakhulu ehlabathini, njengoko uyazi, wehlelwa ngumlilo ombi kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo. Ngethamsanqa, ngoku ifumene inkangeleko yayo yokuqala. Yakhiwa phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-12 neye-14 ukudibanisa iimpawu zeGothic kunye nefuthe likaNorman Romanesque.

Eyokuqala ibandakanya iibhuthi zayo ezinkulu ezibhabhayo kunye neefestile ezinkulu ezinemibala eqaqambileyo. I-compact yayo, phantse imbonakalo efana nenqaba, nangona kunjalo, ibonisa okwesibini. I ifacade esentshona, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kunye neenqaba zayo ezimbini ezidumileyo, ibonisa izinto zeRomanesque, kodwa, ngaphezu kwayo yonke, yeGothic ye I-Basilica yaseSaint-DenisIsasazwe kumanqanaba amathathu kunye namacandelo amathathu athe nkqo ahlulwe ngee-buttresses. Nganye kwezi inocango, yaye enye yeenqaba igcina intsimbi edumileyo. UEmmanuel.

Umbindi wetempile ugqamile ngenxa yawo ukukhanya, okubangelwa zombini iifestile ezinkulu kwi-chancel kunye neefestile ezikhankanywe ngasentla. Iintsika ze-cylindrical ezahlula i-naves nazo ziyi-original. I-apse yonganyelwe ngumfanekiso omkhulu we ukuhlonela uThixo eyadalwa ngenkulungwane ye-18 ngumkroli UNicolas CoustouUkuguqa phambi kwakhe yimikrolo ye Louis XIII y ULouis XIV, ngoxa iqela leengelosi lingqonge elo qela.

Akukho nto inomtsalane kangako ilunguwadalwa ngu UAristide Cavaillé-Coll, umvelisi odumileyo wenkulungwane ye-19. Ide ibe necala elihonjiswe nge-automata. Njengoko usazi, uNotre-Dame ungene kumbono odumileyo wombulelo kwinoveli ngo UVictor Hugo enesihloko, ngokuchanekileyo, UMama wethu waseParis, kamva yaguqulelwa ekubeni yifilimu izihlandlo eziliqela. Kodwa ikwayimeko yeziganeko zembali. Phakathi kwabo, ukuthweswa UNapoleon bonaparte njengomlawuli.

Ukuqukumbela, sikubonise iindlela ngeyona cathedral ilungileyo eYurophu. Nangona kunjalo, singacebisa ukuba undwendwele abanye abaninzi. Umzekelo, le iseville, kunye neGiralda yayo edumileyo; UDuomo waseMilan okanye eyokuqala Sagrada Familia eBarcelona, Umsebenzi we UAntonio gaudi. Yiba nobuganga bokufumana ezi tempile zimangalisayo.